记忆碎片
What are the rules of war? And how do they apply to Israel's actions in Gaza?_我的网站
一 | Six days after a brutal attack by armed Hamas militants on Israeli civilians, Israel ordered an evacuation of more than 1 million Palestinians in northern Gaza ahead of what could be an unprecedented ground offensive there against Hamas."We are going to destroy Hamas infrastructures, Hamas headquarters, Hamas military," vowed Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant as airstrikes were underway.The U.S. and other nations have repeatedly warned Israel to follow the "rules of war."But what are they? And will they prevent civilians from being hurt?Here's what to know about international humanitarian laws and how they might apply in the Israeli-Hamas conflict in Gaza.
Is Israel bound by the rules of war?
Yes.Israel has promised to abide by international humanitarian law including those under the Geneva Convention that seeks to minimize the impact on civilians, provide aid to the wounded on the battlefield, and not to mistreat prisoners of war.In general, the U.S. military and Israeli Defense Force also rely on similar rules of engagement in military operations.Israel insists it follows the rules of war and always has.But there is disagreement by international groups about exactly what qualifies as a violation in a country's quest to defend itself against terror attacks, as well as whether Israel could be prosecuted through the International Criminal Court -- an entity Israel doesn't recognize.Officials at the United Nations and European Union have accused Israel of already violating its promise not to harm civilians by cutting water and electricity to all of Gaza residents, including to hospitals. They also say it's impossible to ensure the safety of so many civilians by giving only 24 hours to evacuate to avoid the fighting.Palestinian health authorities estimate 1,799 civilians have been killed in Israeli airstrikes, including 583 children, following Hamas' attacks that have killed at least 1,300 Israelis.Ravina Shamdasani, spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human rights, said Hamas' brutality doesn't "liberate" Israel from adhering to international humanitarian laws."It is absolutely crucial that Israeli leaders and global leaders make it unambiguously clear that international humanitarian law is an obligation. It is not optional, and that military operations must be conducted in full compliance with international law," she said.President Joe Biden said he delivered that message directly to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu this week, later telling reporters "that it is really important that Israel, with all the anger and frustration … they operate by the rules of war.""And there are rules of war," Biden added.
How would the rules apply in this conflict? Would civilians be spared?
Avoiding harm to civilians though can fall into a gray area, particularly when it comes to a massive ground operation unfolding on a remarkably narrow strip of land. Gaza is among the most populated areas on Earth, roughly 7.5 miles at its widest and 25 miles long with some 2 million inhabitants.Eric Oehlerich, a retired Navy SEAL and ABC News contributor, said that even with sophisticated weaponry, such an operation would be extraordinarily difficult to carry out with no civilians harmed."There isn't a force in the world that can deal with 40,000 (enemy) soldiers interspersed with civilians in that densely populated area" and have "zero" civilian deaths, said Oehlerich."It's impossible," he added.One question will be what constitutes a valid military target, said Mick Mulroy, a former deputy assistant secretary of defense for the Middle East and retired CIA paramilitary operations officer.Israel says that Hamas -- which doesn't abide by humanitarian laws in its deliberate attack on civilians last week -- uses Palestinian civilians and hospitals as shields."If Hamas holds up in a building -- whether it's a hospital or mosque -- it becomes a valid military target," said Mulroy, also an ABC contributor. "That said, every reasonable step should be taken to eliminate or reduce civilian casualties (and) has to be done."
What does all this mean for hostages held by Hamas and US citizens inside Gaza?
Oehlerich, who has participated in military operations to free hostages, said getting those hostages out using military force will also be extraordinarily tough. That's because Hamas will likely have gone to great lengths to hide the hostages, including possibly rigging secret tunnels or even the hostages themselves with explosives.Oehlerich said success is more likely to come through backchannel negotiations with countries like Egypt and Qatar.Israeli officials say its special operations forces have been operating inside Gaza in past days trying to locate hostages. The US is also working the Red Cross and the UN to establish "safe zones" for foreign nationals to leave, including Americans located within Palestine, according to a senior State Department official.Beyond that, questions remain on how many innocent people will be hurt or killed inside Gaza. When asked by a reporter Friday what worries him most about the Israeli ground invasion, Biden had a one-word answer."Death," he said.
ABC News' Shannon Crawford, William Gretsky and Mary Bruce contributed to this report.。 ◎记者汪友若 美股交易规则即将迎来里程碑式变革。纳斯达克证券交易所日前正式确认，其新的“全球交易时段”计划将于2026年12月6日启动，届时纳斯达克将进入每周5天、每天23小时交易的新时代，每日仅休市一小时。
二 | 与此同时，纽约证券交易所、芝加哥商业交易所、伦敦证券交易所等全球主要交易所也纷纷推进延长交易或推出全天候合约。在业内人士看来，交易制度的改变将重塑全球投资者的交易习惯，更重要的是，一场围绕全球交易时段和订单流量的竞争正全面展开。 纳斯达克确认12月6日启动23小时交易 纳斯达克日前披露的公告显示，今年第二季度初，美国证券交易委员会（SEC）批准了纳斯达克关于“23/5交易”的提案。纳斯达克计划于2026年12月6日正式启动这一交易模式，从而扩大全球投资者对美国股票的准入渠道。这意味着纳斯达克的交易日将从周日晚间一直持续到周五晚间，在此期间几乎不停歇。
三 | 根据纳斯达克的计划，新交易制度将每个交易日分为两个时段：日间交易时段和隔夜交易时段。日间交易时段为美东时间凌晨4:00至晚上8:00，涵盖传统的盘前交易、常规交易时间和盘后交易；隔夜交易时段从美东时间晚上9:00开始，持续至次日凌晨4:00。日间时段与隔夜时段之间的衔接时段——即晚上8:00至9:00，将是每日唯一的休市时间。 据纳斯达克介绍，这短短一小时的休市窗口将用于系统维护、压力测试，以及处理股息支付和股票拆分等需要在次日生效的公司行为。
四 | 从每周交易周期来看，交易将从周日晚间9:00开始，持续运行至周五晚间8:00，形成每周5天、每天23小时的连续交易模式。 不过新制度要正式生效，还需等待美国证券存托及结算公司（DTCC）完成清算系统更新，以及证券信息处理系统（SIP）完成隔夜系统升级。市场认为，随着技术基础设施逐步就位，12月6日的启动时间表大概率可以实现。 投资需求转变推动全天候交易 纳斯达克推动这一大胆改革的背后，是全球投资需求的根本性转变。 纳斯达克北美市场高级副总裁查克·麦克撰文表示：“我们不仅仅是延长交易时间，更是在扩大市场的准入渠道。”“投资者行为已发生巨大变化。随着移动交易平台的迅速普及和全球市场日益互联互通，市场需要像投资者每天使用的应用程序一样易于访问。”查克·麦克还认为，虽然市场流动性初期仍将集中在传统交易时段，但“全球交易时段”为全球投资者参与提供了新的机会。 对欧洲投资者而言，新增隔夜交易时段对应欧洲中部时间凌晨3点至上午10点，这意味着欧洲投资者在伦敦股市开盘前，几乎可以交易整个纳斯达克上市股票的早间时段。对亚洲投资者而言，新增时段则覆盖亚洲主要市场的白天时段。
五 | 美联储政策、地缘冲突或者个股消息发生后，亚洲投资者无需等待至深夜纽约市场开盘。 这一改革也有数据支撑：纳斯达克统计显示，截至2024年年中，外国投资者持有的美国股票规模已达17万亿美元，较2019年增长97%。纳斯达克希望抓住这一激增需求，而不是让业务流向那些已经全天候开放的平台。虽然诸如Blue Ocean等夜盘交易平台，以及美股券商旗下的另类交易系统（ATS）此前已提供24小时交易，但像纳斯达克这样大型交易所的参与有望提供更佳的准入渠道，并吸引新的流动性和交易量。 一个日夜不眠的市场 纳斯达克并非个案，目前美股几家主要交易所均已宣布了延长交易的计划。纳斯达克的竞争对手之一纽约证券交易所于2025年获得SEC批准，旗下全电子化交易平台NYSE Arca的交易时间延长至每个工作日22小时，涵盖股票、ETF等品种。纽约证券交易所称正在协调市场数据、清算和交易基础设施，计划于2026年正式启动。 衍生品市场中，今年6月，芝加哥商业交易所宣布将推出可全天候交易的黄金和原油期货合约。7月30日，芝商所表示，全天候黄金期货首迎周末交易，交易需求强劲。统计数据显示，1盎司黄金期货全天候交易上线后的第一个周末，共计成交近15000份合约，名义价值约6000万美元。 伦敦证券交易所则于今年7月公告称，计划于2027年上半年推出夜间交易平台，以回应市场对非传统交易时段的需求。该平台将与主板独立运营，初期仅开放交易所交易产品，例如跟踪英美股市的各类指数基金。 东吴证券全球首席经济学家陈李称，纳斯达克“23小时交易”表面上是交易制度变化，实质是交易平台、金融中介和主要资本市场对订单的争夺。“交易所闭市后，订单并没有消失，它们流向Blue Ocean等隔夜平台、券商内部系统和其他交易场所。将这些订单拉回受监管的交易所，可以提高成交透明度、报价可见性和市场监控水平。并且，交易所的收入不只是来自手续费。订单带来行情收入，吸引做市商，也形成市场参考价格。谁先获得订单，谁就能更早把信息写进价格。”陈李表示。（文章来源：上海证券报）。
Current article:http://nk7we4c.zanjionglangzhaizhizaxiying.buzz/0g2/i9eg7z.html
Published on:21:18:25
